Chapter 1 Of The Various Kinds of Government and the Ways by Which They Are Established, line 2.
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Niccolo Machiavelli To Lorenzo The Magnificent Son of Piero Di Medici
IT is CUSTOMARY for those who wish to gain the favour of a prince to endeavour to do so by offering him gifts of those things which they hold most p
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1 Of The Various Kinds of Government and the Ways by Which They Are Established
ALL STATES and dominions which hold or have held sway over mankind are either republics or monarchies
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2 Of Hereditary Monarchies
I WILL NOT here speak of republics, having already treated of them fully in another place;I will deal only with monarchies, and will discuss how the
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3 Of Mixed Monarchies
BUT IT is in the new monarchy that difficulties really exist
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4 Why the Kingdom of Darius, Occupied by Alexander, Did Not Rebel Against the Successors of the Latter After His Death
CONSIDERING THE DIFFICULTIES there are in holding a newly acquired state, some may wonder how it came to pass that Alexander the Great became master
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5 The Way to Govern Cities or Dominions That, Previous to Being Occupied, Lived Under Their Own Laws
WHEN THOSE STATES which have been acquired are accustomed to live at liberty under their own laws, there are three ways of holding them
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6 Of New Dominions Which Have Been Acquired by One’s Own Arms and Ability
LET NO ONE MARVEL if in speaking of new dominions both as to prince and state, I bring forward very exalted instances, for men walk almost always in
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7 Of New Dominions Acquired by the Power of Others or by Fortune
THOSE, WHO RISE from private citizens to be princes merely by fortune have little trouble in rising but very much in maintaining their position
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8 Of Those Who Have Attained the Position of Prince by Villainy
BUT AS THERE are still two ways of becoming prince which cannot be attributed entirely either to fortune or to ability, they must not be passed over
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9 Of the Civic Principality
BUT WE NOW COME to the case where a citizen becomes prince not through crime or intolerable violence, but by the favour of his fellow-citizens, whic
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10 How the Strength of All States Should Be Measured
IN EXAMINING the character of these principalities it is necessary to consider another point, namely, whether the prince has such position as to be
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11 Of Ecclesiastical Principalities
IT NOW ONLY REMAINS t0'us to
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12 The Dijfferent Kinds of Militia and Mercenary Soldiers
HAVING NOW DISCUSSED FULLY the qualities of these principalities of which I proposed to treat, and partially considered the causes of their prosperi
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13 Of Auxiliary, Mixed, and Native Troops
WHEN ONE ASKS a powerful neighbour to come to aid and defend one with his forces, they are termed auxiliaries and are as useless as mercenaries
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14 The Duties of a Prince with Regard to the Militia
A PRINCE SHOULD THEREFORE have no other aim or thought, nor take up any other thing for his study, but war and its organisation and discipline, for
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15 Of the Things for Which Men, and Especially Princes, Are Praised or Blamed
IT NOW REMAINS to be seen what are the methods and rules for a prince as regards his subjects and friends
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16 Of Libemlity and Niggardliness
BEGINNING NOW with the first qualities above named, I say that it would be well to be considered liberal; nevertheless liberality such as the world
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17 Of Cruelty and Clemency, and Whether It Is Better to Be Loved or Feared
PROCEEDING to the other qualities before named, I say that every prince must desire to be considered merciful and not cruel
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18 In What Way Princes Must Keep Faith
How LAUDABLE IT Is for a prince to keep good faith and live with integrity, and not with astuteness, every one knows
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19 That We Must Avoid Being Despised and Hated
BUT AS I HAVE NOW SPOKEN of the most important of the qualities in question, I will new deal briefly and generally with the rest
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20 Whether Fortresses and Other Things Vi/hich Princes Ofien Contrive Are Useful or Injurious
SOME PRINCES, in order to hold their possessions securely, have disarmed their citizens, some others have kept their subject lands divided into part
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21 How a Prince Must Act in Order to Gain Reputation
NOTHING CAUSES a prince to be so much esteemed as great enterprises and giving proof of prowess
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22 Of the Secretaries of Princes
THE CHOICE of a prinee’s ministers is a matter of no little importance; they are either good or not according to the prudence of the prince
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23 How Flatterers Must Be Shunned
I MUST NOT OMIT an important subject, and mention of a mistake which princes can with difficulty avoid, if they are not very prudent, or if they do
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24 Why the Princes of Italy Have Lost Their States
THE BEFORE-MENTIONED THINGS, if prudently observed, make a new prince seem ancient, and render him at once more secure and firmer in the state than
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25 How Much Fortune Can Do in Human Affairs and How It May Be Opposed
IT IS NOT UNKNOWN to me how many have been and are of opinion that worldly events are so governed by fortune and by God, that men cannot by their pr
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26 Exhortation to Liberate Italy from the Barbarians
HAVING NOW CONSIDERED all the things we have spoken of, and thought within myself whether at present the time was not propitious in Italy for a new