Chapter 20 Whether Fortresses and Other Things Vi/hich Princes Ofien Contrive Are Useful or Injurious
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Guid’Ubaldo, Duke of Urbino, on returning to his dominions from which he had been driven by Cesare Borgia, razed to their foundations all the fortresses of that province, and considered that without them it would be more difficult for him to lose the state again.
Chapters
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Niccolo Machiavelli To Lorenzo The Magnificent Son of Piero Di Medici
IT is CUSTOMARY for those who wish to gain the f
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1 Of The Various Kinds of Government and the Ways by Which They Are Established
ALL STATES and dominions which hold or have held
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2 Of Hereditary Monarchies
I WILL NOT here speak of republics, having alrea
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3 Of Mixed Monarchies
BUT IT is in the new monarchy that difficulties
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4 Why the Kingdom of Darius, Occupied by Alexander, Did Not Rebel Against the Successors of the Latter After His Death
CONSIDERING THE DIFFICULTIES there are in holdin
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5 The Way to Govern Cities or Dominions That, Previous to Being Occupied, Lived Under Their Own Laws
WHEN THOSE STATES which have been acquired are a
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6 Of New Dominions Which Have Been Acquired by One’s Own Arms and Ability
LET NO ONE MARVEL if in speaking of new dominion
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7 Of New Dominions Acquired by the Power of Others or by Fortune
THOSE, WHO RISE from private citizens to be prin
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8 Of Those Who Have Attained the Position of Prince by Villainy
BUT AS THERE are still two ways of becoming prin
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9 Of the Civic Principality
BUT WE NOW COME to the case where a citizen beco
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10 How the Strength of All States Should Be Measured
IN EXAMINING the character of these principaliti
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11 Of Ecclesiastical Principalities
IT NOW ONLY REMAINS t0'us to
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12 The Dijfferent Kinds of Militia and Mercenary Soldiers
HAVING NOW DISCUSSED FULLY the qualities of thes
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13 Of Auxiliary, Mixed, and Native Troops
WHEN ONE ASKS a powerful neighbour to come to ai
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14 The Duties of a Prince with Regard to the Militia
A PRINCE SHOULD THEREFORE have no other aim or t
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15 Of the Things for Which Men, and Especially Princes, Are Praised or Blamed
IT NOW REMAINS to be seen what are the methods a
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16 Of Libemlity and Niggardliness
BEGINNING NOW with the first qualities above nam
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17 Of Cruelty and Clemency, and Whether It Is Better to Be Loved or Feared
PROCEEDING to the other qualities before named,
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18 In What Way Princes Must Keep Faith
How LAUDABLE IT Is for a prince to keep good fai
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19 That We Must Avoid Being Despised and Hated
BUT AS I HAVE NOW SPOKEN of the most important o
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20 Whether Fortresses and Other Things Vi/hich Princes Ofien Contrive Are Useful or Injurious
SOME PRINCES, in order to hold their possessions
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21 How a Prince Must Act in Order to Gain Reputation
NOTHING CAUSES a prince to be so much esteemed a
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22 Of the Secretaries of Princes
THE CHOICE of a prinee’s ministers is a matter o
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23 How Flatterers Must Be Shunned
I MUST NOT OMIT an important subject, and mentio
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24 Why the Princes of Italy Have Lost Their States
THE BEFORE-MENTIONED THINGS, if prudently observ
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25 How Much Fortune Can Do in Human Affairs and How It May Be Opposed
IT IS NOT UNKNOWN to me how many have been and a
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26 Exhortation to Liberate Italy from the Barbarians
HAVING NOW CONSIDERED all the things we have spo