Chapter 20 Whether Fortresses and Other Things Vi/hich Princes Ofien Contrive Are Useful or Injurious
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Therefore fortresses may or may not be useful according to the times; if they do good in one way, they do harm in another.
Chapters
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Niccolo Machiavelli To Lorenzo The Magnificent Son of Piero Di Medici
IT is CUSTOMARY for those who wish to gain the f
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1 Of The Various Kinds of Government and the Ways by Which They Are Established
ALL STATES and dominions which hold or have held
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2 Of Hereditary Monarchies
I WILL NOT here speak of republics, having alrea
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3 Of Mixed Monarchies
BUT IT is in the new monarchy that difficulties
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4 Why the Kingdom of Darius, Occupied by Alexander, Did Not Rebel Against the Successors of the Latter After His Death
CONSIDERING THE DIFFICULTIES there are in holdin
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5 The Way to Govern Cities or Dominions That, Previous to Being Occupied, Lived Under Their Own Laws
WHEN THOSE STATES which have been acquired are a
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6 Of New Dominions Which Have Been Acquired by One’s Own Arms and Ability
LET NO ONE MARVEL if in speaking of new dominion
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7 Of New Dominions Acquired by the Power of Others or by Fortune
THOSE, WHO RISE from private citizens to be prin
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8 Of Those Who Have Attained the Position of Prince by Villainy
BUT AS THERE are still two ways of becoming prin
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9 Of the Civic Principality
BUT WE NOW COME to the case where a citizen beco
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10 How the Strength of All States Should Be Measured
IN EXAMINING the character of these principaliti
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11 Of Ecclesiastical Principalities
IT NOW ONLY REMAINS t0'us to
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12 The Dijfferent Kinds of Militia and Mercenary Soldiers
HAVING NOW DISCUSSED FULLY the qualities of thes
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13 Of Auxiliary, Mixed, and Native Troops
WHEN ONE ASKS a powerful neighbour to come to ai
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14 The Duties of a Prince with Regard to the Militia
A PRINCE SHOULD THEREFORE have no other aim or t
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15 Of the Things for Which Men, and Especially Princes, Are Praised or Blamed
IT NOW REMAINS to be seen what are the methods a
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16 Of Libemlity and Niggardliness
BEGINNING NOW with the first qualities above nam
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17 Of Cruelty and Clemency, and Whether It Is Better to Be Loved or Feared
PROCEEDING to the other qualities before named,
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18 In What Way Princes Must Keep Faith
How LAUDABLE IT Is for a prince to keep good fai
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19 That We Must Avoid Being Despised and Hated
BUT AS I HAVE NOW SPOKEN of the most important o
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20 Whether Fortresses and Other Things Vi/hich Princes Ofien Contrive Are Useful or Injurious
SOME PRINCES, in order to hold their possessions
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21 How a Prince Must Act in Order to Gain Reputation
NOTHING CAUSES a prince to be so much esteemed a
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22 Of the Secretaries of Princes
THE CHOICE of a prinee’s ministers is a matter o
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23 How Flatterers Must Be Shunned
I MUST NOT OMIT an important subject, and mentio
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24 Why the Princes of Italy Have Lost Their States
THE BEFORE-MENTIONED THINGS, if prudently observ
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25 How Much Fortune Can Do in Human Affairs and How It May Be Opposed
IT IS NOT UNKNOWN to me how many have been and a
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26 Exhortation to Liberate Italy from the Barbarians
HAVING NOW CONSIDERED all the things we have spo